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The City And The Stars by Arthur C. Clarke


This is an early novel by Clarke, written in 1954.  There are parts he borrowed from a book he wrote in the 1940s.

The story is set over 1 billion years in the future.  Humans are limited to the planet Earth.  Initially, we are only introduced to The City and its people.  To them, anything beyond the city is legend without solid historical foundations.  It is said that humans once traveled the galaxy, but were forced to live only on Earth by invaders a billion years previously.  Today, the idea of going outside the city to another part of Earth is too frightening to consider.

The city is full of tech marvels.  For instance, any time someone wants furniture, they simply indicate which template they want used and furniture appears (apparently made up of force fields producing the desired shape and feel).  People aren't born - some technology produces them (from templates) in more or less full grown bodies.  The technology provides all the needs of the inhabitants.  People spend all their time with entertainment, games and socializing.  Younger ones spend some time learning - taking in stored knowledge - but not trying to find previously undiscovered facts nor trying to "think outside the box".

The protagonist, Alvin, is an exception to the rule.  He either was made without one of the templates or with a template that has almost never been used.  Also, people are usually made with some of a previous person's mind in them, but Alvin was not.  Alvin has a fascination with what is outside the city, while everyone else has an aversion to it.

Alvin finds a way to travel to another human community outside the city.  This is an area in which there are a series of villages in more rural-looking surroundings.  The people there have babies the old fashion way and don't live as long as people in the city.  They have advanced technology but limit themselves in what situations they use it.  They are telepathic and may have other "mind powers".  Their approach to life is very different than in the City, but they also don't look beyond their own corner of the Earth or their culture(s).

In the mountains on the outskirts of this society's lands, Alvin finds a robot that has been around since before the memories of the societies of Earth.  With the help of the robot, Alvin finds a starship and flies it to what had been the center of galactic society.  He finds no signs of intelligent life having been there for ages.  However, on his way home they come in contact with a disembodied intelligence with vast knowledge of the past.

Before Alvin had set out on his voyage, events had forced the two Earth societies to decide to talk to each other.  That and Alvin's adventures set the stage for possible changes...

While Clarke shows us various advanced tech, most of the billion years between now and then were technological stagnation.  Today’s readers, used to all the tech in today’s SF, may feel the story seems to be set 1000 or so years in our future.  …but Clarke is more interested in being human, divergent societies, closed-mindedness, and maybe the potential risks of technologies.

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Nit-picking

I have a knee-jerk reaction against SF including telepathy and disembodied intelligences.  Rationally, there is no reason why with 1 million years to work at it, science couldn't bioengineer human DNA so humans would have a radio transceiver body organ.  And Clarke does not give any explanations for how this telepathy works, so there are no specifics to critique.  Whether or not the reception range for the telepathy in the book is realistic, I can at least suggest how radio "telepathy" might be possible in general.  It's not so easy to suggest how a disembodied intelligence might be implemented.  Nevertheless, we can't absolutely exclude the possibility and Clarke does not give any foolish explanations for it...

My problem with this sort of thing stems from a great number of SF books which either give half-baked explanations for such phenomena or give no explanation but give improbable capabilities.  (For instance, we can assume if a story has instantaneous interstellar telepathy it does not use radio and the human body could not provide enough power for interstellar communications by any known means.)  Most of the remainder of SF including things like telepathy don't give any specific basis for criticism, but also don't give any basis to believe the author has anything more realistic in mind.  Suppose we took a survey of SF readers and asked, “What is telepathy and how does it work?”  I would guess only a fraction of them would give a plausible technological explanation.  I think that if SF writers want to convey to readers something more scientifically based, they need to be more explicit about it in their stories.   So it remains a pet peeve for me.

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